Lymphoma: Cancer of the Lymphatic System

Lymphoma is a cancer originating in the lymphatic system, a network of tissues and organs that help fight infection and disease. The lymphatic system comprises lymph nodes, lymph vessels, bone marrow, and the spleen. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped organs filtering lymph, a fluid carrying white blood cells throughout the body. When lymphoma develops, lymph nodes can become swollen and painful.

Types of Lymphoma

There are many lymphoma types, broadly classified into two main categories: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Hodgkin Lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma is a relatively rare type characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells, abnormal cells found in lymph nodes. It usually affects young adults and older adults. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common and includes various subtypes. It affects people of all ages. Symptoms vary depending on type and stage but can include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, weight loss, fever, night sweats, and shortness of breath.

Causes of Lymphoma

The exact cause is unknown but thought to relate to genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors include:

Genetic Factors

Some people have genetic predispositions increasing lymphoma risk. For example, those with certain genetic disorders, like Ataxia-telangiectasia, have an increased risk.

Environmental Factors

Exposure to radiation, certain chemicals, and viruses may increase lymphoma risk. People exposed to high radiation levels, like nuclear power plant workers or those receiving radiation therapy, have an increased risk.

Symptoms of Lymphoma

Lymphoma symptoms vary by type and stage. Common symptoms include:

Swollen Lymph Nodes

Swollen lymph nodes are common in lymphoma. They may be painless or tender, often found in the neck, armpits, and groin.

Fatigue

Fatigue is common, possibly caused by cancer cells consuming energy or the immune system fighting cancer.

Weight Loss

Weight loss is common, possibly due to cancer cells consuming energy or the immune system fighting cancer.

Fever

Fever is common, possibly caused by cancer cells releasing chemicals triggering a fever response.

Night Sweats

Night sweats are common, possibly caused by cancer cells releasing chemicals triggering a sweating response.

Shortness of Breath

Shortness of breath can occur when cancer cells grow and press on lungs or other organs.

Chest Pain

Chest pain can occur when cancer cells grow and press on lungs or other organs.

Diagnosis of Lymphoma

If experiencing lymphoma symptoms, see a doctor promptly. Diagnosis involves physical exam, medical history, and tests including:

Biopsy

A biopsy removes tissue for microscopic examination, often used to confirm lymphoma diagnosis.

Blood Tests

Blood tests check for lymphoma signs, like elevated white blood cell count or abnormal blood proteins.

Imaging Tests

Imaging tests like CT and MRI scans create images of lymph nodes and organs to check for lymphoma signs.

Treatment of Lymphoma

Lymphoma treatment depends on type and stage. Common treatments include:

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells, often used alone or with other treatments.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells, often used alone or with other treatments.

Stem Cell Transplant

Stem cell transplants replace destroyed stem cells with healthy ones, sometimes used in lymphoma treatment.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to fight cancer, showing promise in clinical trials.

Prognosis of Lymphoma

Lymphoma prognosis varies by type and stage. Some types are very treatable, others more difficult. The overall five-year survival rate is about 70%, but can vary significantly. Discuss individual prognosis with your doctor.