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Lymphoma: Types and Treatments in the UAE

18 Jul, 2024

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Lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system, can be overwhelming to understand and manage. In the UAE, cutting-edge treatments and skilled specialists are available to help. This guide will walk you through the types of lymphoma and the advanced treatments offered here, empowering you with knowledge and hope.

Types of Lymphoma

Lymphoma comes in two main types: Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). Each type has its own set of characteristics and treatment approaches.


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1. Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

Hodgkin Lymphoma is identified by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are large, abnormal lymphocytes. There are two main subtypes of HL:


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a. Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (CHL): This is the most common form and includes four subtypes:

I. Nodular Sclerosis Hodgkin Lymphoma (NSHL): This is the most prevalent, especially among young adults. It’s characterized by large, cancerous lymph nodes that have areas of normal tissue and thickened lymph node capsules. Common symptoms include painless swelling of lymph nodes (usually in the neck, chest, or underarms), fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

ii. Mixed Cellularity Hodgkin Lymphoma (MCHL): Often seen in older adults and those with HIV, MCHL features a mix of different cell types. Symptoms are similar to NSHL and include painless swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.

iii. Lymphocyte-Rich Hodgkin Lymphoma (LRHL): This rare subtype generally has a better prognosis. It has a high number of normal lymphocytes and fewer Reed-Sternberg cells. Symptoms might include swollen lymph nodes and systemic symptoms like fever and weight loss.

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iv. Lymphocyte-Depleted Hodgkin Lymphoma (LDHL): The rarest and most aggressive form, often seen in older adults or those with HIV. It’s characterized by a lack of normal lymphocytes and an abundance of abnormal cells. Symptoms are more pronounced and include extensive lymphadenopathy and systemic symptoms.

b. Nodular Lymphocyte-Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma (NLPHL): This rare subtype doesn’t have Reed-Sternberg cells. Instead, it has large cells called "popcorn cells." NLPHL usually has a slower progression and a better prognosis. Patients often present with painless swelling of lymph nodes, usually in the neck or armpit, and may experience fewer systemic symptoms.


2. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma includes a variety of lymphomas that don’t involve Reed-Sternberg cells. NHL can be divided into two main categories: B-cell lymphomas and T-cell lymphomas.


a. B-cell Lymphomas: This is the most common type of NHL and includes several subtypes:

i. Diffuse Large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL): The most common type of NHL. It’s aggressive but often responds well to treatment. It’s characterized by rapidly growing lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Patients may also experience swelling in the neck, armpit, or groin.

ii. Follicular Lymphoma (FL): A slow-growing type of lymphoma that can become more aggressive. It’s characterized by painless, swollen lymph nodes, often in the neck, armpit, or groin. Symptoms can also include fatigue and weight loss.

iii. Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL): A rare and aggressive form of NHL, often diagnosed at a later stage. It’s characterized by painless lymphadenopathy, fatigue, and gastrointestinal involvement. Intensive treatment is usually required.

iv. Burkitt Lymphoma: An extremely aggressive lymphoma commonly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in certain regions. It’s characterized by rapid tumour growth, often in the abdomen or jaw, along with systemic symptoms such as fever and weight loss. It requires immediate and intensive treatment.


b. T-cell Lymphomas: This group includes several aggressive subtypes:

i. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL): A diverse group of aggressive lymphomas originating from mature T-cells. It’s characterized by generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Symptoms may also include skin rashes.

ii. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL): Primarily affects the skin, presenting as patches, plaques, or tumours. Symptoms include itchy, red skin lesions that can progress to tumour stages, leading to significant discomfort.

iii. Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL): Can present as a systemic disease or primarily cutaneous form, characterized by large, anaplastic cells. Symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, skin lesions, fever, weight loss, and night sweats.


Understanding the different types of lymphoma is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma each have various subtypes with distinct characteristics and symptoms. If you or someone you know is diagnosed with lymphoma, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the specific type and develop a tailored treatment plan. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life for patients with lymphoma.


Diagnosis of lymphoma

Diagnosing lymphoma involves several steps to confirm the presence of the disease and understand its type and severity. Here’s how doctors typically diagnose lymphoma:


a. Medical History and Physical Examination: Doctors begin by discussing your medical history and conducting a thorough physical exam. They look for symptoms like swollen lymph nodes, fever, weight loss, and night sweats, which are common signs of lymphoma. These initial assessments help guide further tests.

b. Blood Tests: Blood samples are taken to check for signs of lymphoma, such as abnormal levels of certain proteins. While blood tests provide initial clues, they often need more tests for a definite diagnosis.

c. Imaging Studies: Tests like CT scans, PET scans, and MRIs create detailed images of your body’s internal structures. These help doctors identify any abnormal lymph nodes or organs affected by lymphoma. Imaging is crucial for understanding how far the cancer has spread and planning treatment.

d. Biopsy: If lymphoma is suspected, a biopsy is done to remove a small sample of tissue from a lymph node or affected area. This sample is examined under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis and determine the exact type of lymphoma (Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin).

e. Bone Marrow Tests: Sometimes, doctors need to check if lymphoma has spread to the bone marrow. They do this by taking samples of bone marrow through aspiration (drawing out liquid marrow) and biopsy (taking a small piece of bone and marrow). These tests help in staging the disease and planning treatment.

f. Lymph Node Biopsy: When enlarged lymph nodes suggest lymphoma, a biopsy is performed to get tissue samples for detailed examination. This procedure confirms the presence of lymphoma, identifies specific cell characteristics, and guides treatment decisions.


 Diagnosing lymphoma involves a thorough process of medical history, exams, tests, and biopsies. This careful approach ensures an accurate diagnosis, helps determine the type and stage of lymphoma, and allows doctors to plan the best treatment for each patient. Early diagnosis is crucial for starting treatment promptly and improving outcomes for those with lymphoma.


Treatments for Lymphoma in the UAE

Lymphoma treatment is tailored to the type, stage, and aggressiveness of the disease, as well as the overall health and preferences of the patient. The UAE offers a variety of advanced treatments, making it a prime location for comprehensive lymphoma care. Here, we'll dive into the details of the most common treatments available for lymphoma.


1. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of lymphoma, using powerful drugs to kill cancer cells. These drugs are often administered intravenously, though some can be taken orally.

Chemotherapy drugs target rapidly dividing cells, a characteristic of cancer cells. This treatment is systemic, meaning it travels through the bloodstream to reach cancer cells throughout the body. It’s typically given in cycles, allowing periods of rest between treatments for the body to recover.


Types of Chemotherapy Regimens:


a. ABVD: This regimen includes four drugs: Adriamycin (doxorubicin), Bleomycin, Vinblastine, and Dacarbazine. It's commonly used for Hodgkin's Lymphoma.
b. CHOP: This combination includes Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone, often used for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.
c. R-CHOP: Similar to CHOP, but with the addition of Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody that targets B-cell lymphomas.

 Chemotherapy can cause side effects such as nausea, fatigue, hair loss, and an increased risk of infection. However, many supportive treatments are available to manage these side effects, and advancements in chemotherapy have made it more tolerable than in the past.


2. Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells in specific areas of the body.

Targeted radiation beams are directed at the lymphoma-affected area, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. It's often used in combination with chemotherapy, especially for localized Hodgkin Lymphoma.


Types of Radiation Therapy:


a. External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): The most common type, where a machine directs radiation at the cancer from outside the body.
b. Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT): A more precise form of EBRT that adjusts the intensity of the radiation beams, allowing higher doses to be focused on the tumour while sparing surrounding tissue.

Patients typically undergo daily sessions over several weeks. Side effects may include skin irritation, fatigue, and temporary changes in skin colour or texture. These side effects are generally localized to the treated area.


3. Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy leverages the body’s immune system to fight cancer more effectively. Immunotherapy drugs help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. There are several types of immunotherapy used for lymphoma:


a. Monoclonal Antibodies: These are lab-made molecules that can attach to specific proteins on cancer cells, marking them for destruction by the immune system. Examples include Rituximab and Brentuximab vedotin.
b. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: These drugs release the “brakes” on the immune system, allowing it to attack cancer cells more aggressively. Pembrolizumab is one such inhibitor used for certain lymphomas.
b. CAR T-Cell Therapy: This cutting-edge treatment involves modifying a patient’s T-cells to better recognize and kill cancer cells. It’s used for certain types of aggressive and refractory lymphomas.


 Immunotherapy can cause side effects like flu-like symptoms, fatigue, and skin reactions. More severe side effects are less common but can occur and require careful monitoring.


4. Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy drugs specifically attack cancer cells' unique molecular characteristics.

These drugs block the growth and spread of cancer by interfering with specific molecules involved in tumour growth and progression. Targeted therapy is particularly effective for certain subtypes of lymphoma with identifiable genetic mutations or markers.


Types of Targeted Therapy:


a. Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs): These drugs block enzymes that signal cancer cells to grow. Examples include Ibrutinib and Acalabrutinib for certain B-cell lymphomas.
b. Proteasome Inhibitors: These drugs disrupt the function of proteasomes, which are involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Bortezomib is used for certain lymphomas.

Side effects vary depending on the specific drug but may include gastrointestinal issues, fatigue, liver problems, and high blood pressure. Regular monitoring helps manage these side effects.


5. Stem Cell Transplant

Stem cell transplant, or bone marrow transplant, is used for patients with aggressive or recurrent lymphoma. The procedure involves replacing damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells. There are two main types:


a. Autologous Stem Cell Transplant: The patient's own stem cells are harvested before high-dose chemotherapy and radiation and then reinfused to restore bone marrow function.
b. Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplant: Stem cells from a donor are used. This type is more complex and carries a higher risk of complications but can be more effective for certain aggressive lymphomas.

This intensive procedure requires a hospital stay and involves high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiation to destroy cancerous bone marrow before stem cell infusion. Patients are closely monitored for complications such as infection, graft-versus-host disease (in allogeneic transplants), and other side effects.


6. Clinical Trials

Clinical trials offer access to new and innovative treatments that are not yet widely available. Clinical trials test new treatments or new combinations of treatments to determine their safety and effectiveness. Participation can provide access to cutting-edge therapies and contribute to medical research. Patients in clinical trials are closely monitored and receive regular check-ups and tests to track the treatment’s progress and side effects. Participation is voluntary, and patients can withdraw at any time.


The UAE offers a comprehensive range of advanced treatments for lymphoma, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplants, and access to clinical trials. These treatments, tailored to each patient's specific type and stage of lymphoma, provide hope and improved outcomes. If you or a loved one is facing a lymphoma diagnosis, consulting with a healthcare provider in the UAE can help you navigate your treatment options and choose the best course of action. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial in improving outcomes and enhancing the quality of life for lymphoma patients.


Leading Hospitals for Lymphoma Treatment in the UAE

1. Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi


  • Established Year: 2012
  • Location: 28th St - Mohamed Bin Zayed City - Abu Dhabi - United Arab Emirates, United Arab Emirates

About The Hospital:

  • Total Number of Beds: 180ICU Beds: 31 (Including 13 Neonatal ICU and 18 Adult ICU Beds)
  • Labour and Delivery Suites: 8
  • Operation Theatres: 10 (Including 1 state-of-the-art Hybrid OR)
  • Day Care Beds: 42
  • Dialysis Beds: 13
  • Endoscopy Beds: 4
  • IVF Beds: 5
  • OR Day Care Beds: 20
  • Emergency Beds: 22
  • Individual Patient Rooms: 135
  • 1.5 & 3.0 Tesla MRI and 64-slice CT scan
  • Luxury Suites: Royal Suites: 6000 sq. ft. each
  • Presidential Suites: 3000 sq. ft.
  • Majestic Suites
  • Executive Suites
  • Premier & Deluxe Rooms
  • Designed to be a hub for tertiary and quaternary oncology treatment.
  • Specializes in adult and pediatric subspecialties, long-term, and palliative care.
  • Offers immunotherapy and molecularly targeted therapies.
  • Provides state-of-the-art diagnosis and compassionate treatment.
  • Offers exceptional support services for patients and their families.
  • Burjeel Medical City in Abu Dhabi offers advanced care and expertise in cardiology, paediatrics, ophthalmology, oncology, IVF, gynaecology & obstetrics, orthopaedics & sports medicine, a dedicated Shoulder and Upper Limb Unit, Burjeel Vascular Centre, and bariatric & metabolic surgery. This state-of-the-art hospital provides comprehensive, top-quality healthcare services to patients, ensuring their unique medical needs are met with the highest level of care and expertise. Burjeel Medical City is committed to providing high-quality medical care in a comfortable and technologically advanced environment.

2. Mediclinic City Hospital

  • Established Year: 2008
  • Location: 37 26th St - Umm Hurair 2 - Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

About The Hospital

  • Mediclinic City Hospital is a state-of-the-art healthcare facility. It is equipped with the latest technology and staffed by highly trained professionals.
  • Number of Beds: 280
  • Number of Surgeons: 3
  • The hospital boasts 80 doctors and over 30 specialists.
  • Neonatal Beds: 27
  • Operating Rooms: 6, plus 3 daycare surgery units, 1 C-section OT
  • Cardiac Catheterisation Laboratories: 2
  • Endoscopy suites, fully equipped laboratory, emergency department, labour and post-natal wards.
  • Advanced Medical Technology: PET/CT, SPECT CT, and 3T MRI.
  • The hospital offers specialist-focused treatment in areas such as cardiology, radiology, gynaecology, trauma, nuclear medicine, endocrinology, and more.
  • Mediclinic City Hospital offers specialities in Urology, Neurology, Gynaecology, General Surgery, Gastroenterology, E.N.T, Dermatology, Cardiology, Oncology, Orthopedics, Ophthalmology, Bariatric Surgery, Paediatric Neurology, Paediatric Oncology, and Paediatric Orthopaedics, staffed by top doctors in each field.

  • 3. NMC Royal Hospital, Abu Dhabi


    • Established Year: 1974
    • Location: 16th St - Khalifa City SE-4 - Abu Dhabi - United Arab Emirates, United Arab Emirates

    About The Hospital:

    • NMC Royal Hospital is a premier healthcare facility in Abu Dhabi, equipped with advanced technology and staffed by medical professionals trained in global healthcare practices.
    • It provides high-quality healthcare services to patients not only in the capital but also from across the UAE and GCC.
    • Strategically located in Khalifa City, it serves the growing populations of various Abu Dhabi suburbs, including Al Raha, Mussafah, Mohammed bin Zayed City, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi International Airport, Shahama, and Yas Island.
    • Total Number of Beds: 500
      • ICU Beds: 53
    • Number of Surgeons: 12
    • The hospital features state-of-the-art critical care units, including a dedicated cardiac unit with round-the-clock intensivist cover.
    • A team of over 90 doctors, including 32 consultants and 28 specialists, is primarily Western qualified, ensuring high medical standards.
    • The medical program at NMC Royal Hospital focuses on Cardiac Sciences, Emergency Medicine & Critical Care, Mother and Child Health, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Neuro Sciences.
    • The hospital boasts advanced medical technology, including a hybrid operating theatre, a 3 Tesla MRI unit, a 256-slice CT scanner, and an automated laboratory system.
    • It has 53 critical care beds and offers the region's first NICU and PICU combination in the private sector.
    • NMC Royal Hospital specializes in providing comprehensive clinical care, including a detailed chronic disease management program.
    • The hospital offers a wide range of medical specialities, including Oncology, Orthopedics, Cardiology, Nephrology & Urology, ENT, and GI & Bariatric.
    • NMC Royal Hospital, Abu Dhabi, is committed to delivering exceptional healthcare services and is a prominent healthcare destination in the region.

  • How can HealthTrip assist with your treatment?

    If you're seeking Lymphoma Treatment, let HealthTrip be your compass. We support you throughout your medical journey with the following:

    • Access to top doctors in 38+ countries and the largest health travel platform.
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    • Treatments in neuro, cardiac care, transplants, aesthetics, and wellness.
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    • Over 61K patients served.
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    • Gain insights from genuine patient experiences and testimonials.
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    • 24/7 unwavering support, from hospital formalities to travel arrangements or emergencies.

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  • Facing lymphoma is challenging, but knowing your treatment options in the UAE can make a difference. With advanced therapies and expert care, you can approach your journey with confidence. Early diagnosis and tailored treatments are key to improving outcomes and quality of life.



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    FAQs

    Lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system. There are over 60 types of lymphoma, categorized into two main groups: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.